Analyzing 12 Angry Men. Introduction. A Young Man’S Life

Analyzing 12 Angry Men Introduction A young man’s life hangs in the balance, and his fate lies in the hands of twelve jurors. Tasked with the decision of whether or not the boy is guilty of killing his father, somehow, these twelve strangers must come together, communicate effectively, build a team, and reach a verdict. This paper will give a synopsis of the communication barriers involved between the members and how they were able to develop as a team and overcome them. How They Overcame Communication Obstacles and Grew as a Team On the surface, the decision, due to the facts, seems overwhelmingly clear— â€Å"guilty,† says eleven out of twelve jurors. But we soon discover that the decision made by these eleven members is due to a faulty†¦show more content†¦However, some of the barriers become evident during this part of the process. There isn’t much personal space in the room, the climate is uncomfortable, therefore, the windows are opened—but it only creates more noise from the traffic, one of the jurors is sick, and the majority of them were concerned with time, meaning, they wanted to quickly come to a decision in order that they may go on about their personal lives (Physical/Environmental Barriers). Once the forming ended, conflict amongst the jurors quickly arose as the storming process began; of course, this is due to Henry Fonda’s character. During this process, we start to see the differing frames of reference held by each member of the jury. These individual biases, plus a few emotional distractions, become obstacles that create misunderstandings between them (Guffey and Loewy ch.4-1f). This caused a behavioral shift among the group and, at first, it wasn’t a positive shift; mainly because they didn’t know each other, nor did they have knowledge of one another’s motives. One by one, each member revealed some form of communication barrier, which included, lack of attention and interest, distractions, irrelevance, differences in perception, expectations, prejudices, cultural, anger, low self-esteem and assertiveness, personality conflicts, resistance to change, and a lack of motivation. Due to these barriers, effective communication and listening were extremelyShow MoreRelatedEssay about 12 Angry Men Group Behavior1610 Words   |  7 PagesGroup Dynamics in 12 Angry Men In the 1957 classic 12 Angry Men, group dynamics are portrayed through a jury deliberation. Group dynamics is concerned with the structure and functioning of groups as well as the different types of roles each character plays. In the film, twelve men are brought together in a room to decide whether a boy is guilty of killing his father. The personality conflicts, the joint effort and the functioning of several minds together to search for the truth are just a fewRead MoreEssay about Group Dynamics in 12 Angry Men 1595 Words   |  7 PagesIn the 1957 classic 12 Angry Men, group dynamics are portrayed through a jury deliberation. Group dynamics is concerned with the structure and functioning of groups as well as the different types of roles each character plays. In the film, twelve men are brought together in a room to decide whether a boy is guilty of killing his father. The personality conflicts, the joint effort and the functioning of several minds together to search for the trut h are just a few characteristics of group dynamicsRead More12 Angry Men - Analysis3445 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction 12 Angry Men (1957) is one of the most acclaimed feature films of all time. It was produced at a time when the United States was just twelve years out of World War II and â€Å"Leave It To Beaver† and â€Å"Father Knows Best† broadcast across television airwaves the perfection, conformity and affluence of American life that had been generated by the Great War. Additionally, this film was listed on the university syllabus as one of three films to see in regard to this course, Management 610 – ContextsRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Wild Bunch 2009 Words   |  9 Pageschaos throughout this fierce gun battle (Goodykoontz Jacobs, 2014, Sec 6.6, p. 147). The cinematographer used a wide angel, normal and telephoto lens focal length in this scene. For example, a zoom lens was used in the shot of a bullet hitting a man’s back and blood gushing out. Additionally, both zoom in and zoom out and direct cuts coupled with slow motion were used throughout this scene al l creating an atmosphere of madness and chaos on the streets. Because the bounty hunters were on top of aRead MoreWalts Whitmans Vision of America in Leaves of Grass17685 Words   |  71 Pageshave sung the body and the soul, war and peace have I sung, and the songs of life and death, And the songs of birth, and shown that there are many births. I have offerd my style to every one, I have journeyd with confident step; While my pleasure is yet at the full I whisper So long! » Walt Whitman, So Long !, Deathbed edition (1892) †© 2 Walt†©Whitman’s†©vision†©of†©America†©in†©Leaves†©of†©Grass†© †© Contents†© I. †© Introduction†©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†©4†© Starting†©point†©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesaction and the resolution are dispensed with altogether. Exposition and complication can also be omitted in favour of a plot that begins in medias res (â€Å"in the midst of things†). 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management: Christian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing

The Underground Man By Fyodor Dostoyevsky - 875 Words

Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s novel, Notes from the Underground Man, uses the idea of a modern dystopia by depicting a story that revolves around a distressed older man. Throughout the novel, the main character has a narcissistic belief that he is better than everyone else because of his acute sense of consciousness. His awareness however, also causes him to believe not only are people ignorant to the world around him but that they are also against him. In contrast, critics believe that the main character, the underground man, actually suffers from psychological disorders that causes him to reason this way. Psychological disorders are defined as a wide range of conditions that can affect mood, behavior and thinking, and based on his conduct in the novel, the underground man presents himself as an individual who is subjected to obsessive compulsive behavior, social repression and paranoia. Obsessive compulsive behavior is often characterized as a common, chronic and long-lasting disorde r in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions). The underground man illustrates this disorder when he describes his encounter with a police officer one night at a tavern. He witness two men fight with billiard cues and felt the urge to be a part of their brawl. He stands in the tavern and waits for someone to initiate a confrontation with him, meanwhile he blocks a main pathway in the tavern. An officer attempts in passing the undergroundShow MoreRelatedThe Underground Man By Fyodor Dostoyevsky952 Words   |  4 PagesIn Notes from the Underground by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the underground man is a man who is â€Å"living out [his] life in a [his] corner† (2) and is paralyzed by consciousness. The underground man proposes the example of revenge as a way to examine the differences between himself and the man of action; the man of action being a man who can act as opposed to the paralysis of the underground man. The man of act ion can act, but his position is inconsistent. The underground man thinks he will be miserable regardlessRead MoreUnderground Man By Fyodor Dostoyevsky1453 Words   |  6 PagesFyodor Dostoyevsky paints Underground man as someone who is tortured in his novel Notes From Underground. Despite everything that Underground man says he is lost and has no sense of his identity. When the character of Liza is introduced the reader gains some hope that the Underground man can find love. Although Underground man ultimately pushes Liza away, he really loved her through his own idea of love. 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The Underground Man strikes the readers as a person , and one of the things that he abhors was the way in which progressive thinkers of his era worship reason. This was amusing because at the same time, he does not entirely reject reason. From analyzing the text, it is apparent that the Underground Man valuesRead MoreNotes From The Underground by Fyodor Dostoyevsky577 Words   |  2 PagesThe Underground Man is alone because he has chosen to be; he is hyper-conscious, meaning he is too aware and over analyses everything – his biggest worries are petty compared to what is going around him. As a society, we worry so much about ourselves and our own persona, we sometimes become paranoid. A perfect example is given when the Underground Man is on the verge of having dinner with his old comrades and he notices a stain on his trousers â€Å"The worst of it was that on the knee of my trousersRead MoreThe Themes of Dostoyevsky2976 Words   |  12 Pages The Themes of Dostoyevsky Fyodor Dostoyevsky, born in 1821, would become one of the greatest writers in Russian literature. Fyodor received an education in engineering in St. Petersburg, but decided to follow a literary career. He was a person who wrote how they felt about certain topics, and felt that everyone should know about the government. Dostoyevsky joined the underground group, the Petrashevsky circle, the to bring out the truth in these books, which were forbidden in the public. ThroughRead MoreEssay about Fyodor Dostoyevsky636 Words   |  3 PagesFyodor Dostoyevsky       Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881) was one of the greatest Russian novelists to ever live. There are so few authors, as Dostoyevsky was, who have had such a great impact on 20th century western literature. His works analyze social, moral, political, and psychological aspects of mankind.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow in 1821. Much of Dostoyevskys life experiences, especially early on, provided much influence for his writings. Dostoyevskys determinationRead MoreKnowing Is Better Than Not Knowing1676 Words   |  7 PagesKnowing is Better than Not Knowing Fyodor Dostoevsky’a novel â€Å"Notes from Underground† is known for being the first existentialist novel. A 40 year old man living in St. Petersburg, Russia known as the Underground Man works as a civil servant, but retired shortly after inheriting money from a distant relative. The Underground Man introduces himself by telling the reader, â€Å"I am a sick man. ... I am a spiteful man. I am an unattractive man† (1). 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Dostoyevsky faced failure in the publishing of his first journal â€Å"Time†, his financial position was becoming weaker and embarrassing. Moreover, his wife was dying and his conservatism was eroded leading to a decline in his popularity with the liberal reading Russians and consequently

The Green Community free essay sample

Our world has grown significantly and will continue to grow, as our species continues to flourish, unfortunately this constant flourishing of humans, advancing of technology, and the declining in common values will lessen the sense of community in our world. Let’s say that there is a chance to live in a community that have the same common values as you do, this community would base their values on reducing their carbon footprint the name of this society is Ecovillage, the civilization would focus on citizenship, health, and education. In our society today, the communities with a common purpose are called an intentional community and they are commonly referred to as communes. Some of the intentional communities are the Cambridge Zen center, Catholic Worker Communities, and the common ground community. There are over 12,000 intentional communities in North America according to the website www. communa. org, many of them base their values on nature, therapy, and spirituality. We will write a custom essay sample on The Green Community or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Intentional communities are often associated with â€Å"Hippiesâ€Å", which makes them have a negative connotation. The communes in the sixties were mostly populated by young people who were working against society, they were often rioting against the war in Vietnam. Now days the intentional communities are people over forty years old, they have lived in the â€Å"normal world† and are looking for something better. The Ecovillage would focus on the preservation of our earth. There will be many differences in the life of a â€Å"normal life† then of those living in the Ecovillage. The building plans for the Ecovillage are the following, the buildings will be skyscrapers to prevent damage to the forests that would surround our urban city, each building will have grid-connected solar panels that will produce energy for the entire building, there will be a 15,000 gallon water tank and each family will be allowed to use 150/gallons of water, all clothes will be washed on the rooftops of the buildings where there will be a tub always clean and ready for use, food will be organically grown in the â€Å"green house office† located on the rooftop of the public school. School will be a priority for the community we will educate all students of the dangers of harming the earth, as some in some schools â€Å" funding was often inadequate† ( Alvord 301) funding will never be a problem. The community will be a success, with the help of the community members living their lives as normal as possible. The city will have limitations of how you should live. There are no restraints toward the religion, beliefs, and educational preferences. There will always be a sense of community. There will be â€Å"community days† that will help the members remember the purpose of living in the Ecovillage and to slow down the pace of everyone’s busy lives as Thoreau wrote â€Å" Why should we live with such a hurry and waste of life? † ( Thoreau 276) . They will be able to enjoy many activities such as: the gathering of people at seasonal markets, art and craft events, outdoor movies, tree-planting days, live music events, mosaic days, shared dinners, BBQ’s, and picnics. The community’s proposal will be â€Å"Care for the earth and care for the people. Self-sustaining eco-villages will require primary inputs in Health, Education, and develop localized wealth, good Citizenship and Environmental balance. This can only be achieved by optimizing natural resources through cost effective energy provisions, intensive agriculture, and communication. The ideas of all families will be put into account to make the Ecovillage like the communities that Etzioni wrote about in The New Community â€Å" Communities that balance both diversity and unity† ( Etzioni 294), when the goals have been reached the rest of the world is expected to follow the examples of the Ecovillage. The development of this city will significantly change the way of how humanity looks at how we live. This city will provide many people with an alternative way of living and many people will come to realize the cost effective and beautiful place that Ecovillage will provide. Ecovillage will be the best intentional community ever created.

Student Guide to Report Writing free essay sample

Relative importance of the report Environmental science involves more than doing lots of experimental work, field work or library research. You must be able to communicate your results and ideas to other people. If you cannot communicate the results of your work to others, there is little point in starting the work in the first place!Much of your practical work will be assessed from your written reports, so it is a good idea to learn the basic approach to report writing now, rather than at some time in the future, after you have got your marked reports back, for this reason! In Environmental Science, the written work can take the form of any of the following: laboratory report, essay, project, literature review and field work report. In this document we intend to set general guidelines applicable to any of these forms of your submissions.Some units may have particular requirements stated in the Study Guide, but in general you should use this document as a guide to your written submissions in Environmental Science. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Guide to Report Writing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Any of the above mentioned forms of written submission will be referred to in this document as a report. By observing the correct approach to report writing, you help yourself in a number of ways. By getting the basic format, results and reference style correct, you avoid losing easy marks from the outset.You can then focus on the science of what it is youre looking at and concentrate on developing your ideas. It goes without saying that the report writing process is just as important when you are a student as it is when you do environmental work professionally. So budget enough time to write a decent report. A report concocted the night before it is due usually looks that way. When to plan the report It is a good idea to plan out your report as soon as your experiment is underway.Doing this will help you see the relative importance of various aspects of your work, and you may even realise the necessity of collecting a particular piece of information during your experiment that you might otherwise have missed. Always write up sections of your work as you go along. Experience has shown many that sitting down and trying to write up a years worth of information can be daunting. The structure of your report Most experiments and reports can be written up using the format described below. Some work however is more descriptive or observational and may not fit into this scheme, so do not feel obliged to force your project into this format. It is a good idea though to get used to this system as it is the preferred format of most, if not all, scientific journals and government reports; and more importantly the preferred system of most of your assessors. The conventional format is as follows.

Passed vs Past

Passed vs Past Passed vs Past Passed vs Past By Ali Hale Sandi from Inspiration for Writers wrote to ask: â€Å"Can you do a segment on Past vs. Passedif you havent already? Too many get these words mixed up.† Very happy to oblige, Sandi! Past – relates to location The word past locates something in time, and sometimes in space. It can be used as an adjective, noun, or adverb. Past as an adjective The first definition which the OED gives for past as an adjective is â€Å"Gone by in time; elapsed; done with; over.† For example: â€Å"The days for mourning are now past.† When attributed to a group of people, past can also mean â€Å"Having served ones term of office; former.† (OED) All past presidents of the United States were male. And in grammar, we have more examples of past being used as an adjective, such as in â€Å"past tense† and â€Å"past participle†. Past as a noun The main meaning for the noun form of past, given by the OED, is â€Å"The time that has gone by; a time, or all of the time, before the present.† In the past, standards were higher. â€Å"We cannot live in the past.† Past as a preposition As a preposition, past can mean: â€Å"Beyond in time; after; beyond the age for or time of; (in stating the time of day) so many minutes, or a quarter or half of an hour, after a particular hour.† (OED) It is almost half past five. It can also be used for location: â€Å"Beyond in place; further on than; at or on the further side of; to a point beyond.† (OED) My house is the one just past the turning. Past as an adverb The first meaning the OED cites for past being used as an adverb is â€Å"So as to pass or go by; by.† For example: The ball sped past the goalkeeper. Passed – a verb in the past tense Passed is the past participle of the verb â€Å"to pass†. It can be an intransitive verb (one which doesn’t require an object) or a transitive verb (one which requires both a subject and one or more objects). â€Å"To pass† means â€Å"To proceed, move forward, depart; to cause to do this.† (OED) This can refer to movement forwards in time, in space, or in life (such as â€Å"to pass an examination†). For example: The weeks passed quickly. (Intransitive: subject â€Å"the weeks† and no object). I passed all my exams! (Transitive: subject â€Å"I† and object â€Å"my exams†.) He passed the ball well during the match earlier. (Transitive: subject â€Å"He† and object â€Å"the ball†.) When do â€Å"past† and â€Å"passed† get confused? Often, writers muddle the words past and passed in sentences such as: â€Å"The heroes passed a village on their way towards the mountains.† It’s common to see this written as: â€Å"The heroes past a village on their way towards the mountains.† But the word should be passed, as (in this sentence) it’s the past participle of the verb â€Å"to pass†. An easy way to tell is to rewrite the sentence in the present tense, as though you’re describing something which is happening currently: â€Å"The heroes pass a village on their way towards the mountains.† or â€Å"The heroes are passing a village on their way towards the mountains.† However, if you wrote: â€Å"The heroes walked past a village on their way towards the mountains.† It’s correct to use past. The verb in this sentence is â€Å"walked†, and the â€Å"past† is acting as an adverb. Unusual uses of the word â€Å"passed† Most of the time, passed is a verb, as described above. There are a few occasions when it can be used as a noun or an adjective, though. For example: â€Å"Don’t speak ill of the passed.† (noun) This comes from the phrase â€Å"passed-away†. â€Å"A passed pawn† (adjective) Term used in chess. â€Å"A passed ball† (adjective) Term used in baseball. â€Å"A passed midshipman/fireman/surgeon† (adjective) Someone who has passed a period of instruction and qualified through examination – apparently this usage arose in the navy. Have you come across any other unusual uses? Are there still any cases where you’re not sure whether to use passed or past? Share your examples with us in the comments below! Why Do People Confuse â€Å"Past† and â€Å"Passed†, Anyway? The words â€Å"past† and â€Å"passed† are homonyms (or homophones): they sound alike, but they’re two different words. This makes it easy to confuse them when writing – just like people often confuse the words â€Å"there†, â€Å"their† and â€Å"they’re†. It doesn’t help that â€Å"past† and â€Å"passed† have quite similar meanings, each referring to movement relating to a fixed point (in time, space, or even life). This means it’s a lot easier to muddle them up than it is with some other homonyms with very different meanings, like â€Å"blue† and â€Å"blew†. For a whole list of homonyms that commonly get confused, check out 25 Confused Homonym Pairs. Quick Rules of Thumb When Dealing With â€Å"Past† and â€Å"Passed† If you’re still struggling with â€Å"past† and â€Å"passed†, remember, â€Å"past† can’t be used as a verb. If you find it hard to identify a verb, try replacing â€Å"passed† with the words â€Å"went by†, and see if your sentence works: The heroes passed a village on their way towards the mountains. The heroes went by a village on their way towards the mountains. Time passed slowly that afternoon. Time went by slowly that afternoon. (This won’t work in every case – e.g. â€Å"He passed his exams† won’t sound right as â€Å"He went by his exams† – but it’ll help you a lot of the time.) Alternatively, as mentioned above, you can rewrite the sentence in the present tense, as though it’s happening right now. Right/Wrong Examples of the Use of Past and Passed Sometimes, it’s helpful to take a look at some examples so you can double-check if you’re using â€Å"past† and â€Å"passed† the right way: Right: He ran straight past the bus stop. (â€Å"Past† is acting as a preposition here and could be replaced with the word â€Å"by†) Wrong: He ran straight passed the bus stop. (â€Å"Passed† can’t be a preposition.) Right: He passed the bus stop on his run. (â€Å"Passed† is a past-tense verb here and could be replaced with â€Å"went by†.) Wrong: He past the bus stop on his run. (â€Å"Past† can’t be a verb.) Right: She passed the time by reading a novel. (Here, â€Å"passed† is a transitive verb and â€Å"time† is the direct object.) Wrong: She past the time by reading a novel. (â€Å"Past† can’t be a verb.) Right: It is past the time you should be home. (â€Å"Past† is a preposition here. You could replace it with â€Å"after† or â€Å"beyond†.) Wrong: It is passed the time you should be home. (â€Å"Passed† can’t be a preposition.) Hopefully this helps clear up any â€Å"past† vs â€Å"passed† confusion for you. Past vs Passed Quiz For each sentence, select whether past or passed is correct. 1. The time [past/passed] slowly that afternoon. passed past 2. If I had a time machine, Id rather travel to the future than the [past/passed]. passed past 3. The bus will arrive at half [past/passed] six. passed past 4. My friend [past/passed] all her exams. past passed Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of HumorFor Sale vs. On SalePresent Participle as Adjective

Saladin, Hero of Islam Profile

Saladin, Hero of Islam Profile Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Syria, watched as his men finally breached the walls of Jerusalem and poured into the city full of European Crusaders and their followers. Eighty-eight years earlier, when the Christians had taken the city, they massacred the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. Raymond of Aguilers boasted, In the Temple and the porch of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins. Saladin, however, was both more merciful and more chivalrous that Europes knights; when he recaptured the city, he ordered his men to spare the Christian non-combatants of Jerusalem. At a time when the nobility of Europe believed that they held a monopoly on chivalry, and on Gods favor, the great Muslim ruler Saladin proved himself more compassionate and courtly than his Christian opponents. More than 800 years later, he is remembered with respect in the west, and revered in the Islamic world. Early Life: In 1138, a baby boy named Yusuf was born to a Kurdish family of Armenian descent living in Tikrit, Iraq. The babys father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, served as the castellan of Tikrit under the Seljuk administrator Bihruz; there is no record of the boys mothers name or identity. The boy who would become Saladin seemed to have been born under a bad star. At the time of his birth, his hot-blooded uncle Shirkuh killed the commander of the castle guard over a woman, and Bihruz banished the entire family from the city in disgrace. The babys name comes from the Prophet Joseph, an unlucky figure, whose half-brothers sold him into slavery. After their expulsion from Tikrit, the family moved to the Silk Road trading city of Mosul. There, Najm ad-Din Ayyub and Shirkuh served Imad ad-Din Zengi, the famous anti-Crusader ruler and founder of the Zengid Dynasty. Later, Saladin would spend his adolescence in Damascus, Syria, one of the great cities of the Islamic world. The boy reportedly was physically slight, studious and quiet. Saladin Goes to War After attending a military training academy, the 26-year-old Saladin accompanied his uncle Shirkuh on an expedition to restore Fatimid power in Egypt in 1163. Shirkuh successfully reinstalled the Fatimid vizier, Shawar, who then demanded that Shirkuhs troops withdraw. Shirkuh refused; in the ensuing fight, Shawar allied himself with European Crusaders, but Shirkuh, ably assisted by Saladin, managed to defeat the Egyptian and European armies at Bilbays. Shirkuh then withdrew the main body of his army from Egypt, in accordance with a peace treaty. (Amalric and the Crusaders also withdrew, since the ruler of Syria had attacked the Crusader States in Palestine during their absence.) In 1167, Shirkuh and Saladin once again invaded, intent on deposing Shawar. Once again, Shawar called on Amalric for assistance. Shirkuh withdrew from his base in Alexander, leaving Saladin and a small force to defend the city. Besieged, Saladin managed to protect the city and provide for its citizens despite his uncles refusal to attack the surrounding Crusader/Egyptian army from behind. After paying restitution, Saladin left the city to the Crusaders. The following year, Amalric betrayed Shawar and attacked Egypt in his own name, slaughtering the people of Bilbays. He then marched on Cairo. Shirkuh jumped into the fray once again, recruiting the reluctant Saladin to come with him. The 1168 campaign proved decisive; Amalric withdrew from Egypt when he heard that Shirkuh was approaching, but Shirkuh entered Cairo and took control of the city early in 1169. Saladin arrested the vizier Shawar, and Shirkuh had him executed. Taking Egypt Nur al-Din appointed Shirkuh as the new vizier of Egypt. A short time later, however, Shirkuh died after a feast, and Saladin succeeded his uncle as vizier on March 26, 1169. Nur al-Din hoped that together, they could crush the Crusader States that lay between Egypt and Syria. Saladin spent the first two years of his rule consolidating control over Egypt. After uncovering an assassination plot against him among the black Fatimid troops, he disbanded the African units (50,000 troops) and relied instead upon Syrian soldiers. Saladin also brought members of his family into his government, including his father. Although Nur al-Din knew and trusted Saladins father, he viewed this ambitious young vizier with increasing distrust. Meanwhile, Saladin attacked the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, crushed the city of Gaza, and captured the Crusader castle at Eilat as well as the key town of Ayla in 1170. In 1171, he began to march on the famous castle-city of Karak, where he was supposed to join Nur al-Din in attacking the strategic Crusader fortress, but withdrew when his father passed away back in Cairo. Nur al-Din was furious, rightly suspecting that Saladins loyalty to him was in question. Saladin abolished the Fatimid caliphate, taking power over Egypt in his own name as the founder of the Ayubbid Dynasty in 1171, and reimposing Sunni religious worship instead of Fatimid-style Shiism. Capture of Syria In 1173-4, Saladin pushed his borders west into what is now Libya, and southeast as far as Yemen. He also cut back payments to Nur al-Din, his nominal ruler. Frustrated, Nur al-Din decided to invade Egypt and install a more loyal underling as vizier, but he suddenly died early in 1174. Saladin immediately capitalized on Nur al-Dins death by marching to Damascus and taking control of Syria. The Arab and Kurdish citizens of Syria reportedly welcomed him joyfully into their cities. However, the ruler of Aleppo held out and refused to acknowledge Saladin as his sultan. Instead, he appealed to Rashid ad-Din, head of the Assassins, to kill Saladin. Thirteen Assassins stole into Saladins camp, but they were detected and killed. Aleppo refused to accept Ayubbid rule until 1183, nonetheless. Fighting the Assassins In 1175, Saladin declared himself king (malik), and the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad confirmed him as sultan of Egypt and Syria. Saladin thwarted another Assassin attack, waking and catching the knife-mans hand as he stabbed down towards the half-asleep sultan. After this second, and much closer, threat to his life, Saladin became so wary of assassination that he had chalk powder spread around his tent during military campaigns so that any stray footprints would be visible. In August of 1176, Saladin decided to lay siege to the Assassins mountain strongholds. One night during this campaign, he awoke to find a poisoned dagger beside his bed. Stuck to the dagger was a note promising that he would be killed if he did not withdraw. Deciding that discretion was the better part of valor, Saladin not only lifted his siege, but also offered an alliance to the Assassins (in part, to prevent the Crusaders from making their own alliance with them). Attacking Palestine In 1177, the Crusaders broke their truce with Saladin, raiding toward Damascus. Saladin, who was in Cairo at the time, marched with an army of 26,000 into Palestine, taking the city of Ascalon and getting as far as the gates of Jerusalem in November. On November 25, the Crusaders under King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (son of Amalric) surprised Saladin and some of his officers while the vast bulk of their troops were out raiding, however. The European force of just 375 was able to route Saladins men; the sultan narrowly escaped, riding a camel all the way back to Egypt. Undaunted by his embarrassing retreat, Saladin attacked the Crusader city of Homs in the spring of 1178. His army also captured the city of Hama; a frustrated Saladin ordered the beheading of the European knights captured there. The following spring King Baldwin launched what he thought was a surprise retaliatory attack on Syria. Saladin knew he was coming, though, and the Crusaders were soundly thrashed by Ayubbid forces in April of 1179. A few months later, Saladin took the Knights Templar fortress of Chastellet, capturing many famous knights. By the spring of 1180, he was in position to launch a serious attack on the Kingdom of Jerusalem, so King Baldwin sued for peace. Conquest of Iraq In May of 1182, Saladin took half of the Egyptian army and left that part of his kingdom for the last time. His truce with the Zengid dynasty that ruled Mesopotamia expired in September, and Saladin resolved to seize that region. The emir of the Jazira region in northern Mesopotamia invited Saladin to take suzerainty over that area, making his task easier. One by one, other major cities fell: Edessa, Saruj, ar-Raqqah, Karkesiya, and Nusaybin. Saladin repealed taxes in the newly-conquered areas, making him very popular with the local residents. He then moved toward his former hometown of Mosul. However, Saladin was distracted by a chance to finally capture Aleppo, the key to northern Syria. He made a deal with the emir, allowing him to take everything he could carry as he left the city, and paying the emir for what was left behind. With Aleppo finally in his pocket, Saladin once more turned to Mosul. He laid siege to it on November 10, 1182, but was unable to capture the city. Finally, in March of 1186, he made peace with the citys defense forces. March toward Jerusalem Saladin decided that the time was ripe to take on the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In September of 1182, he marched into Christian-held lands across the River Jordan, picking off small numbers of knights along the Nablus road. The Crusaders mustered their largest army ever, but it was still smaller than Saladins, so they merely harassed the Muslim army as it moved toward Ayn Jalut. Finally, Raynald of Chatillon sparked open fighting when he threatened to attack the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. Saladin responded by besieging Raynalds castle, Karak, in 1183 and 1184. Raynald retaliated by attacking pilgrims making the hajj, murdering them and stealing their goods in 1185. Saladin countered by building a navy that attacked Beirut. Despite all of these distractions, Saladin was making gains on his ultimate goal, which was the capture of Jerusalem. By July of 1187, most of the territory was under his control. The Crusader kings decided to mount a last, desperate attack to try and drive Saladin from the kingdom. Battle of Hattin On July 4, 1187, the army of Saladin clashed with the combined army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, under Guy of Lusignan, and the Kingdom of Tripoli, under King Raymond III. It was a smashing victory for Saladin and the Ayubbid army, which nearly wiped out the European knights and captured Raynald of Chatillon and Guy of Lusignan. Saladin personally beheaded Raynald, who had tortured and murdered Muslim pilgrims, and also had cursed the Prophet Muhammad. Guy of Lusignan believed that he would be killed next, but Saladin reassured him by saying, It is not the wont of kings to kill kings, but that man transgressed all bounds, and therefore did I treat his thus. Saladins merciful treatment of the King Consort of Jerusalem helped cement his reputation in the west as a chivalrous warrior. On October 2, 1187, the city of Jerusalem surrendered to Saladins army after a siege. As noted above, Saladin protected the Christian civilians of the city. Although he demanded a low ransom for each Christian, those who could not afford to pay were also allowed to leave the city rather than being enslaved. Low-ranking Christian knights and foot-soldiers were sold into slavery, however. Saladin invited Jewish people to return to Jerusalem once more. They had been murdered or driven out by the Christians eighty years before, but the people of Ashkelon responded, sending a contingent to resettle in the holy city. The Third Crusade Christian Europe was horrified by the news that Jerusalem had fallen back under Muslim control. Europe soon launched the Third Crusade, led by Richard I of England (better known as Richard the Lionheart). In 1189, Richards forces attacked Acre, in what is now northern Israel, and massacred 3,000 Muslim men, women, and children who had been taken prisoner. In retaliation, Saladin executed every Christian soldier his troops encountered for the next two weeks. Richards army defeated Saladins at Arsuf on September 7, 1191. Richard then moved toward Ascalon, but Saladin ordered the city emptied and destroyed. As the dismayed Richard directed his army to march away, Saladins force fell upon them, killing or capturing most of them. Richard would continue to try to retake Jerusalem, but he had only 50 knights and 2,000 foot-soldiers remaining, so he would never succeed. Saladin and Richard the Lionheart grew to respect one another as worthy adversaries. Famously, when Richards horse was killed at Arsuf, Saladin sent him a replacement mount. In 1192, the two agreed to the Treaty of Ramla, which provided that the Muslims would retain control of Jerusalem, but Christian pilgrims would have access to the city. The Crusader Kingdoms were also reduced to a thin sliver of land along the Mediterranean coast. Saladin had prevailed over the Third Crusade. Death of Saladin Richard the Lionheart left the Holy Land early in 1193. A short time later, on March 4, 1193, Saladin died of an unknown fever in his capital at Damascus. Knowing that his time was short, Saladin had donated all of his wealth to the poor  and had no money left even for a funeral. He was buried in a simple mausoleum outside of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Sources Lyons, Malcolm Cameron and D.E.P. Jackson. Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.Nicolle, David and Peter Dennis. Saladin: The Background, Strategies, Tactics and Battlefield Experiences of the Greatest Commanders of History, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2011.Reston, James Jr. Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade, New York: Random House, 2002.

Food allergies and intolerances research paper Essay

Food allergies and intolerances research paper - Essay Example This study will help identify variables that cause the disorders and analysis of these factors will help rectify and solve the research problem to a great extent, which in turn shall reflect on the intellectual productivity of the student community. Variable is any event, behavior or situation that has at least two values. There are three types of variables namely dependent, independent and moderating variable. Dependent variable changes or varies on account of changes in other variables and is usually the main problem of research. Independent variables influence the dependent variable. This is often called the intervention or treatment. Moderating variable has an effect on the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Seven variables have been identified in the problem namely Among the seven variables The eating disorder is the dependent variable. Pathogenic infection, metabolic disturbance, unhygienic food preparation, junk foods are independent variables that influence the dependent variable. Physical exercise and awareness are moderating variables. As discussed an independent variable influence the dependent variable. ... Pathogenic infection, metabolic disturbance, unhygienic food preparation, junk foods are independent variables that influence the dependent variable. Physical exercise and awareness are moderating variables. As discussed an independent variable influence the dependent variable. An analysis of the influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable gives a great insight on the problem. Any pathogenic infection by oral portal of entry causes enteric disorders .For example, typhoid, cholera, amoebic dysentery and viral hepatitis are food and waterborne infections that cause enteric disorder. Any infection in turn causes a metabolic disturbance of some order. Unhygienic food preparation always leads to food borne infections and Junk food causes both infection and metabolic disturbance. Physical exercise and awareness are moderating variables whose presence or absence will determine to a great extent the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. For exampl e lack of awareness always leads to indiscriminate eating habits and thus disorders. Regular physical exercise gives a good immune system, which gives protection against the disorders. The relationship that exists between these variables can be diagrammatically represented as follows; Infections,Metabolic disturbance, Unhygienic - Leads Eating Disorders Food preparation, Junk food Dependent variable Independent variables Yes Physical exercise no