Division of Labour - Now and then Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Division of Labour - Now and then - Essay Example Its importance is analogous to the various organs, muscles, tendons, veins and cells of the body – that each must play its part and coordinate in order for the entire human body to function and live normally. Adam Smith (2003) explained this by positing how division of labor is the foundation of the wealth of nations. In his book, Wealth of Nations, he underscored this by immediately discussing its merits in the very first chapter of his work, which essentially pointed to the fact that such division of work is the reason for the increase in productiveness of labor and, henceforth, a country’s wealth. Division of Labor in History There are so many explanations that seek to define the roots of division of labor. For example, Karl Marx (2007)in the Capital, stated: The foundation of every division of labor which has attained a certain level of development, and has been brought about by exchange of commodities, is the separation of town from country. One might say that the whole history of society is summed up by this antithesis. (p. 287) Marx’s theory emphasizes a sociological characteristic wherein an economy is portioned into independent firms and industries. Perelman (2000) demonstrated this further by commenting that for Marx, â€Å"the conventional social division of labor concerns the organization within the factory [for instance], where the employer divides the work among the employees,† hence it describes hoe work is actually divided up between different workplaces that are, in turn, coordinated by market relations instead of an authority figure within the workplace. (p. 59) Marx’s theory implies that the phenomenon a little bit later than the antiquity and was only fully realized during the modern period when machinery and capitalism had been invented. Other thinkers posit different opinions. Smith, for instance, was bent on the contrasting idea of division of labor as simply the organization and specialization of work w ithin the workplace. If one is to follow this thinking, then division of labor has existed in the ancient times. As previously mentioned, some semblance to it could be identified in the ancient Egyptian and Indian societies. Perhaps the simplest example that could be provided in this regard is that of the family. Since time immemorial, gender or sexual differences had played key roles in the division of labor within it. In ancient China, for instance, this division is considered as an ideal virtue, crucial in maintaining harmonious family relationship. (Gamble 1963, p. 245) Here, husbands dealt with external matters while the wives managed the affairs within the family. Also, figurines from the Classic Maya island site of Jaina in the Yucatan peninsula suggest division of labor based on gender as well. They showed variety of activities, showing women grinding corn, weaving and using pots while men’s were focused on activities that require strength. (McKillop 2004, p. 123) The family also played an important part in the division of labor outside of the domestic realm. One can turn to the example provided by ancient American metalworking. Bruhns and Stothert (1999) recounted that Peruvian smelters were worked by family groups: Men and adolescents would have supplied the lung power for smelting, while other members of the family could break up the ore for charging furnace and later extract the

Marketing Essays Satisfy Consumer Needs

Marketing Essays Satisfy Consumer Needs Satisfy Consumer Needs Introduction When marketing managers are asked if a particular tactic will produce the desired results, their answer has normally been closer to the lines of: it all depends on the product or service, the target demographic, the message and, particularly, how the target customers want to be approached (Beinhocker and Kaplan 2002). All these elements form a part of the marketing mix. Traditionally, marketers use the marketing mix, the 4Ps of product, price, place and promotion, to position the brand and to create brand values around a coherent set of policies for each of these P’s. Marketing mix has been used as a framework which acts as a guideline for marketers to implement a marketing concept. It consists of a set of major decision areas that a company needs to manage in order to at least satisfy consumer needs. This study will relate the concept of marketing mix with the fast changing mobile technology product market. The mobile phone market are no more company driven, rather it is cons umer driven. The business environment in which it operates is highly competitive with intense rivalry not only from direct competitors but also from the regulators and the environment. Analyzing the elements of the Marketing mix   ‘Price’ in the ‘marketing mix’ is the amount of money charged for a product or service, or the sum of the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service (Beckwith, 2001). This is the only element on the marketing mix that produces revenue while the other three creates costs. By, ‘product’, marketers refer to anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need (Sudhir, et al., 2005). This includes physical objects, services, persons, places, organizations and ideas. ‘Promotion’ refers to activities that communicate the product or service and its merits to target customers and persuade them to buy (Kotler Keller, 2006). It is concerned about delivering the sales message and traditionally has consisted of Advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, public relation, publicity and personal selling. ‘Place’, a s the name suggests, refers to the geographic locations which has become increasingly significant in the wake of globalization. Every industry has to consider the culture and business practices of the place it is trying to do business with and the entry mode it wants to adapt before entering a different place/country/region. The ‘people’ (recently added to the marketing mix) aspect of marketing mix signifies the level of customer service, advice, sales support and aftermarket back-up required, involving recruitment policies, training, retention and motivation of key personnel. Marketing is professional practice it involves people. Traditional marketing mix was about dictating the market through price, product, place, and promotion manipulation. Marketing managers have traditionally used it to make better use of the tools and resources available to them in supplying products and services to customers and prospects. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Analysis and Discussion A consumer’s utility for a model of mobile phone is a function of the attributes and the price of that model, with the consumer choosing the brand-model that maximizes utility (Sriram, 2005; pg 440). Product plays a big role for global mobile phone companies like Nokia which not only have to keep continuously innovating with their products but also need to change its product according to the ethical and cultural aspects of the local market. It might be argued that even though ‘product’ is an important part of the digital industry, it’s the ‘innovation’ aspect associated with the products that give firms distinctive advantage over its rivals. Eg Sony Ericsson (the Japanese / Swedish firm) has integrated its successful ‘cybershot’ camera within its mobile phones to add value to its offering. Sony has also added its much known Walkman (Sony was the inventor of Walkman) feature to its mobile phone to give customers the best of three wo rlds (mobile, camera and walkman) in one device. Some might argue that this sort of strategy falls under the ‘product’ category of the marketing mix but, its less associated with the product design and specifications and more with the value and innovativeness. The price element of the marketing mix has traditionally relied on selecting the price objective by determining demand. Companies have estimated their price by comparing them to their competitors and basing it on a particular pricing method (Petrin, 2005). While the mobile phone industry still considers all these factors in setting its price, competitive pricing has given way to ‘value for money’ pricing. This means that low price as compared to competitors no longer means success in the mobile world. Pricing strategy in the mobile phone industry is more aligned to the company’s value proposition. Eg. Apple charges premium for its handset (iPhone) which is one of the costliest handset in the market, till its handset has achieved higher than expected sales. This is because its price is based not on competitor price but on its value proposition of innovativeness in terms of design and features. Similarly, Nokia N95 (market retail price c £500) is one of the most s uccessful Nokia offerings because it was the first phone to integrate a 5 mega pixel camera with a mobile. Customers are not ‘price sensitive’ any more; they are ‘value sensitive’. They see the value they are getting in terms of price that they pay for the offering.    While pricing strategy still needs to fit in with the overall mission of organisation, and reflect its financial objectives, it has to be more ‘value based’. Mobile products justify the fact that even though the four Ps are relevant in the current business environment, they probably need to be upgraded to include elements such as ‘innovation’ to reflect the present technology market realities. The promotion element of the marketing mix has undergone a huge change within the last few years. According to the Mobile Marketing Association, by 2008, 89 percent of brands will use text and multimedia messaging to reach their audiences, with nearly one-third planning to spend more than 10 percent of their marketing budgets on advertising in the medium (Graham, 2008). The newer element of marketing mix, ‘people’ is used to define modern mobile consumers and classifies consumers into a single entity. Researchers argue that ‘people’ cannot be classified as a single entity as requirement for product and services may vary. Also, increasing consumer power and sophistication due to wide availability of information has given rise to personalized marketing which requires interaction and sincere, direct dialog with the customer (Beinhocker, 2002). There is an increasingly need for marketers in the mobile market to identify the constantly changing and evolving customer needs, respond quickly to competitive movements and predict market trends early and accurately. Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work Eg. Motorola pioneered the mobile revolution and was the first mobile phone brand to enter the market. But, it has moved from pioneer to a low third (in terms of market share) and currently under threat to lose market share to Sony Ericsson because of its innovative handsets. Eg. Major Motorola competitors like Nokia, Samsung, Sony Ericsson have come out with 5 Mega pixel camera mobiles but Motorola is still to catch up with them in terms of product design and value addition. Some may argue that this falls under ‘product’ part of the marketing mix but it is actually innovation that drives competition. Mobile was an innovative device and the market has always relied on innovation, which can be in terms of product or service. With organizations already providing internet access over mobile phones, the new trend is to add the capability to view television programs on the mobile. Rather than the 4P’s, performance in the mobile industry is driven more by changes tied t o intrinsic preferences which can be because of the changing portfolio of models in the product line and/or modifications in the attributes and prices of the models in the product line. While the 4P’s theory is still relevant in terms of marketing theory and practice, it oversimplifies the reality of marketing management in terms of mobile phone market (Brassington Pettitt, 2003). It is more organization-centric and says about the interactions between the mix variables. Also, recent development in technology has led to the concept of Customer Relation Management which encourage relationship building with the customer. The 4P’s of marketing rely on more transactional variables. The mobile phone product is one such product where staying close to the customers is extremely important. Companies not only need to know who their customers are but also what they value, in terms of add-on services. Comaines need to understand the need for product extensions by maintaing a direct contact with their customers, the highly visible nature of the service process, and the simultaneity of the production and consumption (Coviello Brodie, 2001). The extension allows a more thorough analysis of the marketing ingredients necessary for successful marketing (Akcura et al., 2004). Also, depending on the product line, different elements of marketing mix may have varying importance attached to them. Eg. Previous financial researchers done by (Driussi, 2007; pg 57) have revealed that in some cases a 1 % change in price can deliver a 10% plus improvement in profit. This might mean that businesses deal with pricing with much more rigor that their product design, channel management or promotions planning.   Despite the background and status of the Marketing mix as a major theoretical and practical parameter of contemporary marketing, several academics have at times expressed doubts and objections as to the value and the future of the Mix, proposing alternatives that range from minor modifications to total rejection (Brassington Pettitt, 2003). The common issues where researchers feel they marketing mix has its limitations are, its inadequacy to address specific marketing situations like the marketing of services, the management of relationships or the marketing of industrial products. Due to these factors, researchers believe that the marketing mix theory has to be broadened to suit the current market conditions. Consumer behavior in the mobile phone industry has also evolved with a rise in the over the mass consumer markets towards increasingly global, segmented, customized or even personalized markets of today (Kotler Keller 2006) where innovation, customization, relationships build ing and networking have become issues of vital significance. The new marketing principles imply that marketing activities should be based on identification of customer needs and wants, typical external and therefore uncontrollable factors (Naik et al., 2005). Researchers believe that by expanding the theoretical scope of the marketing theory, it will be easier to reflect on urge to better understand the managerial consequences of transformations taking place and identify sources of superior firm performance in constantly evolving competitive environments (Constantinides, 2001). Draganska (2006) believes that the growing pressure on marketers to better identify and satisfy constantly changing customer and industry needs, the increasing importance of services and the need to build-up long-lasting relationships with the client, have further contributed to the exposure of several limitations of the 4P framework as a marketing management tool.   Conclusions   The changing marketplace dynamics of mobile phone industry has meant that marketing mix as a differentiation strategy needs massive upgrading. The rise of competition, globalization, increasing use of technology in marketing practices has changed the traditional way to marketing to people. There are no certainties and no guarantees of success within the mobile phone industry even if companies get their 4P’s right. This is because, what works with one group of customers may not work with another, and some things which traditionally used to work may not work at all. In the continuously changing marketing environment, the marketing mix is still relevant but strategies based on them may not necessarily work. There are more variables and elements to the mix than the 4P’s, which depends of the industry type, market structure, competition and other related factors. Graham (2008; pg 40) while referring to the 4P’s states that rather than bouncing the four (price, promoti on, people and place) balls at one time, marketers need to juggle up to a dozen or more at the same time. It is worth mentioning that in the wake of changing consumer preferences, marketing managers still need to evaluate the effects of product attributes and marketing activities to improve performance in the marketplace. References Akcura, T. M., F. Gonul, E. Petrova. (2004) Consumer learning and brand valuation: An application on over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Marketing Science. 23(4) 156–169. Ailawadi, K.L., Lehmann, D.R. and Neslin, S.A. (2001), Market Response to a Major Policy Change in the Marketing Mix: Learning from Procter Gambles Value Pricing Strategy. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 65 Issue 1, p44. Beckwith, H. (2001), The Invisible Touch the Four Keys of Modern Marketing, Texere Publishing. Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. (2003), Principles of Marketing, Third Edition, Prentice Hall / Financial Times. Beinhocker, E.D. and Kaplan, S. (2002), Tired of Strategic Planning? The McKinsey Quarterly, nr 2. Constantinides, E. (2002), The 4S Web-Marketing Mix Model, E-Commerce Research and Applications, Elsevier Science, July 2002, Vol. 1/1, pp 57-76. 434 Coviello, N.E. and Brodie, R.J. (2001), Contemporary marketing practices of consumer and business-to-business firms: how different are they?. The Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 16, Nr. 5 pp. 382 400. Draganska, M., (2006) Consumer preferences and product line pricing strategies: An empirical analysis. Marketing Science. 25(2) 164–174. Driussi, A (2007), Pricing: the lost component of the marketing mix?, BT Weekly, 5/11/2007 Professional Marketing Su, Vol. 57, p6-7 The New Marketing Mix: Where Will You Meet Your Customers? 1/7/2008, Vol. 233 Issue 2, p40-41 Kotler Keller (2006), Marketing Management (12th edn.), London, Perason Education Naik, P., K. Raman, R. Winer (2005) Planning marketing-mix strategies in the presence of interaction effects. Marketing Sci. 24(1) 25–34. Petrin, A. (2005) Omitted product attributes in differentiated product models. Working paper, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Sudhir, K., P. K. Chintagunta, V. Kadiyali. 2005. Time-varying competition. Marketing Sci. 24(1) 96–109. Sriram et al.: Effects of Brand Preference, Product Attributes, and Marketing Mix Variables Marketing Science 25(5), pp. 440–456

Siddhartha :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SIDDARTHA’S FOLLOWING OF THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS In this paper, I will be explaining how Siddhartha had arrived at the Four Noble Truths. The first paragraph contains how Siddhartha’s life was full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. The second paragraph will be the cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions in Siddhartha’s life. Following, in the third paragraph I will be explaining how the only way to cure suffering is to overcome desire. Finally, I will be explaining that the only way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path. The first Noble Truth is, all life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. Siddhartha had related to this due to his riches. Siddhartha had gained great wealth due to his working for Kamaswuasi. However, the only piece that Siddhartha lacked was that he knew his wealth was superficial. Though every man wishes he be rich, Siddhartha believed that being rich was not the key to reach nirvana. The second Noble Truth is, the cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long life. Siddhartha had all of these things, however, no matter how rich, how powerful, how old, one can not reach nirvana by materialistic matters. In Siddhartha’s life, while a merchant, he played dice. However, when he lost he did not get mad, due to the fact that riches were not greatly important to him. The third Noble Truth is the only cure for suffering is to overcome desire. Siddhartha explains this Noble Truth by going to the river. In the river, he sees his shadow, and meditates. By meditating he is losing all the sorrows. As well, he is losing self and might help him achieve enlightenment. The last Noble Truth is the way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path. Siddhartha followed the Eightfold Path by when he was down by the river. When he was by the river he could live the life he wanted to by getting rid of all his sorrow and pain. The Eightfold Path consisted of right views, right aspirations, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right contemplation.

A Marketing Plan Essay

Firms that are successful in marketing invariably start with a marketing plan. The plan should cover one year. For small companies, this is often the best way to think about marketing. Things change, people leave, markets evolve, and customers come and go. In many respects, the Marketing Plan is the most important document produced by marketers as it not only helps to justify what has occurred in the past, but is critical for explaining where a company intends to go in the future. The first step is the Situation Analyses. The purpose of the situation analysis is to indicate to a company about the organizational and product position, as well as the overall survival of the business, within the environment. This allows for the evaluation of the company’s objectives, strategy and capabilities. These areas indicate to an organization about the strength of the product or whether there are areas for improvement, as well as how well an organization will fit with the external environment. I will take as particular case, one of my company’s products, namely, the book I’ve written â€Å"Unique and Different†. Considering the concept of the entire project we are carrying and that is to start making some changes around, to start, step by step, being satisfied by the world we live in, we begun by outlining our own experiences and perceptions in our first book. If we look at the things around us from a reserved point of view, the situation is difficult enough due to the external factors, such as: – Continuous change – people deal every day with novelty and need to keep up with the changes and often forget to answer their true body and mind needs. Continuous technology development – due to this type of development people tend use every day, more and more the smart technology forgetting the â€Å"old fashioned† way to broaden their universe. – Demanding society – society demands more and more, forces the humans to act like robots and despite some hidden desire to give time to such relaxation moments, choose not to – out of capping to every day schedules. Decrease of the life quality – enslaved to a robotic life and forced to act as the society requests the quality of people’s lives is decreasing every day, being hard enough to start taking it from the beginning and understanding that above all they count the most These are just a few of the aspects that could harden the fulfillment of the set goal. The second step would be the SWOT analyses which is a structured planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business. Setting the objective should be done after the SWOT analysis has been performed. This would allow achievable goals or objectives to be set for the organization. Identification of SWOT is important because they can inform later steps in planning to achieve the objective. †¢ Strengths: the strength of the product could be characterized as mentioned above through: novelty, will to change, perspective, broaden the universe, awareness of one’s needs, discovering truths about one self and so on. This is considerably a step ahead of any other â€Å"writer† because this is intended not to be a novel well sold but a book that teaching you to get to know yourself in a different playful way. Weaknesses: contrary to the strengths mentioned above – a weak side would be exactly this – the fact that people forgot how to live their lives and became robotic, enslaved by the demands of a poor society. People have closed their eyes to the exact truth that lies before them. †¢ Opportunities: in my company’s case the elements that the project could exploit to its advantage would be exactly the point where we, as a society stand right now. The society is weaken, is confused, does not know whom to obey anymore or if it is of any purpose to do it and thus, this would be the perfect time to start doing some changes and create their own path. Threats: the basic elements in the environment that could cause trouble for our project are thin lines that lay between our project and those who just want to become some type of over night writers, by selling what everybody sell these days. It is difficult to explain to people right now that something could be different if they just gave it a try. The third step is building a strategic marketing plan and here most people fall into the trap of thinking that â€Å"marketing† just means advertising, PR or promotion. But marketing and a marketing plan is so much more than that, and includes everything from understanding the market to which you’ll sell your products and services, to choosing specific tactics you’ll use to reach that market. Building a strategic marketing plan is know where to place your products, when to place it, to whom start addressing and how to address exactly. The forth step is marketing mix strategy. Marketing mix is a strategy that has been formulated after taking into consideration the 4P’s of marketing: product, price, place and promotion. This marketing mix comprises four components namely; Product, Price, Place and Promotion. These four components are popularly known as the 4P’s of marketing mix. A marketer has to use a combination of these 4P’s to develop a profit-yielding strategy. The 4 Ps – establish the exactly the place of the product, where is situated, the targeted section of market and to whom is addressed. Promotion carries a high importance especially considering the fact that we are talking about a book. And of course The fifth step is the marketing budget is an estimated projection of costs required to promote a business’ products or services. A marketing budget will typically include all promotional costs, including marketing communications like website development, advertising and public relations, as well as the costs of employing marketing staff and utilizing office space. The costs in a marketing budget will be allocated according to the campaign and the media to be utilized. Some prior research will be necessary for the cost estimates to be as realistic as possible. Knowledge of key industry and market factors must be taken into account when developing your marketing plan. Your plan will also be influenced by researching your competition. You will want to allot funding in a way that exploits the weaknesses of your competitors and emphasizes your strengths. Considering that fact that our project is just starting and that the book is just one of the products it offers, it would be hard enough to analyze exactly the costs of just promoting the book, because generally we consider that the best way to present yourself is face to face, thus we are assisting as many fairs as possible – this way having the chance to meet people personally and present them the opportunity we offer, directly. Concluding – for the book, for now have been used online socializing networks and the presence to all the possible books fairs organized around the country. The sixth step is the marketing perform plan which may be part of an overall business plan. Marketing perform plan can function from two points: strategy and tactics. Behind the corporate objectives, which in themselves offer the main context for the marketing plan, will lay the â€Å"corporate mission,† which in turn provides the context for these corporate objectives. Having the same objective, performing a well established plan represents the basic step in achieving the set goal and acting in the direction of the future, seeing beyond today and developing a better tomorrow. The seventh step would be the perform evaluation. Annual performance reviews are a key component of employee development. The performance review is intended to be a fair and balanced assessment of an employee’s performance. Annual performance reviews are a key component of employee development. The performance review is intended to be a fair and balanced assessment of an employee’s performance or of the achievement of a set goal. Everybody engaged in the entire process of the platform has well established goals to achieve and of course, well established terms to present their situation, Being about a platform the activity of the employees could be even more, analyzed and characterized by public – the public being the key factor that would position the project or that would situate it according to a percentage. And the eighth step is considered when adjusting the marketing plan as necessary after reviewing the annual balance or after analyzing the results of the set goals. After ongoing certain stages with a well planned goal – there is the need to and analyze the results of the goals and the exact position where we stand and if necessary start rethinking and adjusting the marketing plan or the spects which clearly didn’t answer our needs or expectations. Some aspects that could be rethought are: the way we address to people, the aspects we are trying to reach, the chosen moment /period, the benefits offered and a lot of other aspects – in this field having the possibility to joggle a lot with the way we put thing into action. Overall a marketing plan should state exactly what a business, company, project tries to emphasize and reach.

Immigration Restriction Act Essay

Immigration restriction act- 1901 The Immigration Restriction Act (1901) can be argued was a policy enacted to reflect the prejudices in Australian society at the time. The Immigration Restriction Act consisted of the Australian Parliament limiting immigration to Australia, which came to be known as The White Australia Policy. The White Australia Policy consists of various historical laws that favour immigration to Australia from Britain but strongly discourage non-whites or people who are not of British descent. At the turn of the Century Australia was still a relatively new country. It’s population was 4 million, somewhat small, compared to other world populations. At the time the general public consensus was that Australia should be a white country and allowing indiscriminate immigration could threaten its identity. The White Australia Policy had overwhelming support from Australia’s white population, so it could be argued that its introduction was merely a reflection of the public’s ideals at the time. This is reflected by historian Myra Willard: â€Å"†¦no motive power, operated more universally on this continent, or in the beautiful island of Tasmania†¦ than the desire that we should be one people, and remain one people, without the admixture of other races.† Myra Willard, ‘History of the White Australia Policy to 1920’. Melbourne University Press, 1923. p 119 It is clear that white Australians were passionate about preserving a white Australia. Undoubtedly the Federal Government was under a great deal of public pressure to conform. By analysing the reasoning behind the Policy it was more than just an attempt to preserve white culture. As the Parliamentary debates at the time convey, there was an argument that the white race was superior and non-whites were deemed inferior. The Prime Minister at the time Edmund Barton delivers this message to Parliament. â€Å"We are guarding the last part of the world in which the higher races can live and increase freely for the higher civilisation. I place before the house a measure of definite and high policy.† Although the White Australia Policy did have overwhelming support within Parliament and the public there were some who opposed the new policy. Some objections were made on moral grounds citing that the Laws were brutal and offensive. â€Å"I have already admitted that it is our duty to restrict the immigration of Asiatics†¦ I cannot bring myself in the face of appeals like that, and in the face of the knowledge I have of India and Asia generally, to do anything in the insulting and brutal  way proposed by the Bill†¦.† Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates’, November 13, 1901. p 7158 Opposition was also met with from Britain, which many Australian parliamentarians were concerned about. The British Government had warned against an outright ban based on race and colour. The Immigration Restriction Act would be contrary to the British principle of equality and would deeply offend their Indian subjects and their Japanese allies. Despite Britain’s clear objections many were still prepared to support the Bill even if it meant breaking ties with Britain. This is clearly expressed by William Morris Hugh es: â€Å"We want a White Australia and are we to be denied it because we shall offend the Japanese or embarrass His Majesty’s ministers? I think not†¦ If we are to go on making things smooth for His Majesty’s Government- if our first and only desire is to shape a policy to suit our own ends, then we know where we are. We have come, it appears to me, to the parting of ways.† William Morris Hughes, ‘Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates’ September 12, 1901. p 4825 Prior to 1901, immigration was controlled by the colonies. During the gold rush in the 1850’s many migrants came to Australia from around the world and wanted to settle there. While the majority were from Britain, 60,000 came from Continental Europe, 42,000 from China, 10,000 from the United States and just over 5,000 from New Zealand and the South Pacific. By the time of Federation the total population was close to four million of whom one in four were born overseas. The Australian colony was soon shifting to a population of different migrants. This left Australians introduce policies that would control migration. The Australian colonies were particularly concerned with the amount of Chinese migrants and the conflicts that had arisen between the Chinese and white Australians settler. Prior to 1901 the Colonial States gathered to discuss ways of prohibiting Chinese migration and other migrants. Thus when Australian Federation was formed, the Immigration Restriction Act was introduced as solution to the problem the colonial states had been facing. As a result the number of Chinese migrants decreased instantly. At face value the Immigration Restriction Act was arguably racist and exclusionary. However in early 19th Century Australia it was widely viewed as a necessity. Australia was still a new country with a relatively small population. It was viewed worldwide as a land of prosperity and became popular for many to migrate there and seek their fortune. Had not the Federal Government implemented laws to regulate  immigration Australia could have potentially lost its identity as a predominately White Nation. The Immigration Restriction Act appealed to people’s fears and the need for self preservation, and at the time this argument was fairly plausible. In each and every avenue of life we find the competition of the coloured races insidiously creeping in, and if we are to maintain the standard of living we think necessary, in order that our people may be brought up with a degree of comfort, and with scholastic advantages which will conduce to the improvement and general advancement of the nation, some pause must be made in regard to the extension of the competition of the coloured aliens generally. (Member of parliament 1901). This quote clearly states that the majority of Parliament felt strongly about protecting Australia’s white identity. This was done in the face of opposition from Britain and the likelihood of upsetting other countries like Japan. It was a bold step but the majority of Australians were determined. . The White Australia Policy was an important chapter in Australian history. It had its benefits and limitations. It affected not just Australia but many people around the world. It was something that many coun tries were against and is very different to what Australia’s immigration policy is today. BIBLIOGRAPHY Immigration Restriction Act 1901 – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_Act_1901 USED ON: April 14th The Establishment Of The Immigration Restriction Act – ABC http://www.abc.net.au/federation/fedstory/ep2/ep2_events.htm USED ON: April 26th White Australia: Immigration Restriction Act 1901, Australia to 1914 http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-14_u-127_t-350_c-1213/history-of-racist-attitudes-and-fear/nsw/history/australia-to-1914/white-australia-immigration-restriction-act-1901 Copyright  © 2013 Red Apple Education Ltd. All rights reserved. USED ON: April 14th White Australia policy – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia